{"id":2205,"date":"2023-09-03T11:54:20","date_gmt":"2023-09-03T04:54:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/trochoiamnhac.com\/?p=2205"},"modified":"2023-09-06T23:42:09","modified_gmt":"2023-09-06T16:42:09","slug":"ppdh-am-nhac-tai-hoa-ky","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/trochoiamnhac.com\/index.php\/2023\/09\/03\/ppdh-am-nhac-tai-hoa-ky\/","title":{"rendered":"PPDH \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>

barnabe.le<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n

KH\u00c1I QU\u00c1T C\u00c1C PH\u01af\u01a0NG PH\u00c1P D\u1ea0Y H\u1eccC \u00c2M NH\u1ea0C<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

CHO TR\u1eba EM CH\u00cdNH HI\u1ec6N H\u00c0NH T\u1ea0I HOA K\u1ef2<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ths. H\u1ed3 Ng\u1ecdc Kh\u1ea3i<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Cao \u0111\u1eb3ng S\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m Gia Lai<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ed9t b\u1eadc sau g\u1ea7n hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. T\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edbm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1830 \u1edf Boston, Massachusetts b\u1edfi Samuel Holyoke, William Billings, Joseph Naef, v\u00e0 Lowell Mason (Abeles, 1995). T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh kh\u00f3a c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng trong chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y. Qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c Hoa K\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn (approaches) v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y-h\u1ecdc \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c (methods of teaching and learning music) v\u00e0o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u1edf t\u1eebng ti\u1ec3u bang v\u00e0 to\u00e0n li\u00ean bang. \u0110a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3. Nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nhu\u1ea7n nhuy\u1ec5n trong c\u00e1c gi\u1edd d\u1ea1y \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u1edf c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn trung h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2009 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft n\u0103m 2011, t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sang Hoa K\u1ef3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Th\u1ea1c S\u0129 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00c2m Nh\u1ea1c t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc Hawaii at Manoa d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ef9 FORD (Ford Foundation International Fellowships Program). Trong su\u1ed1t 3 n\u0103m, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn, h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 tham gia h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p ti\u1ec3u bang \u0111\u1ebfn li\u00ean bang. V\u1edbi mong m\u1ecfi g\u00f3p m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0, qua b\u00e0i tham lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea1n ph\u00e9p gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t ba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y-h\u1ecdc \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c ch\u00ednh \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3: Kod\u00e1ly, Orff-Schulwerk v\u00e0 Dalcroze. C\u1ea3 ba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn, t\u01b0 duy, v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c cho tr\u1ebb th\u00f4ng qua tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m, v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ebb ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 (total physical response) v\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c (active response). Do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i mong mu\u1ed1n cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea7y c\u00f4 \u2013 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn, v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u, ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y-h\u1ecdc b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n trong giai \u0111\u1ecdan m\u1edbi, nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u201ch\u1ecdc t\u1eadp t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n\u201d cho tr\u1ebb em Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. PH\u01af\u01a0NG PH\u00c1P D\u1ea0Y H\u1eccC \u00c2M NH\u1ea0C KOD\u00c1LY<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c Kod\u00e1ly \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn b\u1edfi Zolt\u00e1n <\/a>Kod\u00e1ly<\/a> (1882-1976), m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, v\u00e0 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hungary. Kod\u00e1ly mong mu\u1ed1n qua gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc vi\u1ebft \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c (Choksy, 1988, 1999). Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.1 V\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c (Music teaching philosophy)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Kod\u00e1ly<\/a> tin r\u1eb1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c t\u1eeb ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi ru, \u0111\u1ed3ng dao, d\u00e2n ca, v\u00e0 tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c cho tr\u1ebb em. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb c\u00e0ng s\u1edbm c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u1ed1n ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb (Choksy, 1988, 1999). Gi\u1ecdng h\u00e1t, nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em, l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. 2 V\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c (Music teaching tools)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Kod\u00e1ly v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed1n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y ch\u00ednh: h\u00e0ng \u00e2m v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u00e2m \u201cdo\u201d chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng (movable do), h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u tay, ch\u1eef ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u\/h\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u, v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u d\u00e2n ca.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, h\u00e0ng \u00e2m v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u00e2m do chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ea3y \u00e2m do, re, mi, fa sol, la, v\u00e0 si (ti). Trong x\u01b0\u1edbng \u00e2m, \u201cdo\u201d lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 \u00e2m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u1edf gi\u1ecdng F-dur, F \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 do<\/em>, G \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 re<\/em>, A l\u00e0 mi<\/em>, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ed1t kh\u00e1c l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng \u00e2m. V\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc n\u00e0y gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb d\u1ec5 nh\u1edb c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 qu\u00e3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u00e2m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a bi\u1ec3u. C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc x\u01b0\u1edbng \u00e2m n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng \u00e2m v\u1edbi n\u1ed1t do c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh (fixed do) m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, trong \u0111\u00f3 do<\/em> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u00e2m c\u1ee7a gi\u1ecdng C-dur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u tay. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y do John Curwen \u2013 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c s\u01b0 nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. M\u1ed7i \u00e2m trong h\u00e0ng \u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u tay nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb em d\u1ec5 nh\u1edb c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 cao th\u1ea5p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u1ed1t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 quan h\u1ec7 qu\u00e3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u00e2m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n khi x\u01b0\u1edbng \u00e2m ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0 duy \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c (Trinka, 2006). B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, khi h\u1ecdc x\u01b0\u1edbng \u00e2m v\u1edbi k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u tay, tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 duy bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u01b0 duy \u00e2m thanh. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c em \u0111\u1ecdc cao \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ee9 ba, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1eef ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y nguy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, t\u00ean l\u00e0 Emile-Joseph Chev\u00e9s. M\u1ed7i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u trong nh\u00f3m tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u00e2m ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t (Choksy, 1988, 1999). H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Kod\u00e1ly. Tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u00e1t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5 q = ta,  iq = ti-ti, h = ta-a, ijq = ti \u2013tiri, jiq = tiri-ti, e q e = syn-co-pa, v.v.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u1ea5u tay th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng \u0111u\u00f4i n\u1ed1t nh\u1ea1c. Nh\u1edd c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n d\u00f2ng nh\u1ea1c nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb em d\u1ec5 nh\u1edb, \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u. Ch\u1eef ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c d\u00e2n gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh trong gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c cho tr\u1ebb em theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Kod\u00e1ly. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, d\u00e2n ca, \u0111\u1ed3ng dao, v\u00e0 tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c d\u00e2n gian t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y; sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00e2n ca c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c. Theo Kod\u00e1ly, d\u00e2n ca \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1eadm n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u c\u1ea3m t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y th\u00f4ng qua \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c,m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m hay gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c (Choksy, 1999). Ngo\u00e0i ngu\u1ed3n \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c d\u00e2n gian, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt cao trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ca h\u00e1t, nh\u01b0 h\u1ee3p x\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ca kh\u00fac c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c danh ti\u1ebfng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c trong nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.3. V\u1ec1 quy tr\u00ecnh s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m (educational sequence)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Quy tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c cho tr\u1ebb em theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Kod\u00e1ly \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh theo ba b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb, gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp. \u1ede b\u01b0\u1edbc chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb (preparation), c\u00e1c em s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c m\u1edbi qua vi\u1ec7c tham gia c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ca h\u00e1t, nghe nh\u1ea1c, v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, ch\u01a1i tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i, v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 (Trinka, 2006). T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c em s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin hay gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u (presentation). \u1ede giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean s\u1ebd gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c m\u1edbi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed1t nh\u1ea1c hay n\u1ed1t tr\u00ean khu\u00f4ng nh\u1ea1c; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi cung c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c em c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c li\u00ean quan nh\u01b0 ch\u1eef ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u, d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u tay, k\u00fd t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a cao \u0111\u1ed9, v.v.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp (practice), g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng kh\u00e1c nhau. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, c\u00e1c em s\u1ebd luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c m\u1edbi qua \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c m\u1eabu \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, ca h\u00e1t, v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 ch\u01a1i nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5. Sau khi tr\u1ebb quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c em s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ch\u00fang s\u00e2u h\u01a1n, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u00e1t, b\u00e0i t\u1eadp x\u01b0\u1edbng \u00e2m, hay b\u00e0i t\u1eadp nghe nh\u1ea1c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n. Ti\u1ebfp theo, c\u00e1c em h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c, bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u1ee9ng t\u00e1c (improvisation) tr\u00ean c\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00e2m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u1eeba h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ph\u00e1t huy t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng bi\u1ec5u di\u1ec5n \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Kod\u00e1ly l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao trong gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c cho tr\u1ebb em. B\u1edfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 cao vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a gi\u1ecdng h\u00e1t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c cho tr\u1ebb em, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Kod\u00e1ly kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 logich v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Kod\u00e1ly ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n n\u00e2ng cao n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y cho gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. PH\u01af\u01a0NG PH\u00c1P D\u1ea0Y H\u1eccC \u00c2M NH\u1ea0C ORFF-SCHULWERK<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Orff-Schulwerk l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi hai nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c, Carl Orff v\u00e0 Gunild Keetman, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1920. Hi\u1ec7n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Hoa K\u1ef3, Canada, Anh, Nga, Nh\u1eadt, v\u00e0 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c. T\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, AOSA \u2013 Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Orff-Schuwerk Hoa K\u1ef3 (American Orff-Schulwerk Association) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n li\u00ean bang v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (Shamrock, 2007).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.1 \u0110\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Orff-Schulwerk d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c th\u00f4ng qua kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng vui ch\u01a1i t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng. Nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb. N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m: h\u00e1t, x\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed3ng dao \u2013 ca dao, v\u1ed7 tay, \u0111\u1eadp g\u00f5, ch\u01a1i tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i, nh\u1ea3y m\u00faa, v.v. Theo Orff v\u00e0 Keetman, tr\u1ebb h\u1ecdc \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng nghe v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc, r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh  ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tr\u1ebb h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 (Shamrock, 2007).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea3i khai th\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u01b0u ti\u00ean t\u1eeb d\u00e2n ca, \u0111\u1ed3ng dao, tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i tr\u1ebb em g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb. B\u1edfi v\u00ec tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra v\u00e0 l\u1edbn l\u00ean trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0y n\u00ean ch\u00fang d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc, d\u1ec5 nh\u1edb, v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c giai \u0111i\u1ec7u, ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u, nh\u00f3m \u00e2m h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a  b\u00e0i h\u00e1t d\u00e2n gian, b\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng dao ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo Orff-Schulwerk, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n (elemental) m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ri\u00eang r\u1ebd. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c ph\u1ea3i g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c, v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u0169 \u0111i\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u2013x\u01b0\u1edbng theo v\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec7u (speech). V\u00ec v\u1eady, tr\u1ebb em h\u1ecdc \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 nghe, \u0111\u1ecdc, x\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia, tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c qua v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ch\u01a1i \u0111\u00f9a (music and movement). Trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng theo d\u1ea1ng \u201ckh\u1ed1i \u0111a t\u1ea7ng\u201d (blocks) g\u1ed3m giai \u0111i\u1ec7u, ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u, h\u00f2a \u00e2m, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u, \u00e2m s\u1eafc, v\u00e0 s\u1eafc th\u00e1i. C\u00f2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 (non-locomotor movement) v\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch (locomotor movement). C\u00e1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong kh\u00f4ng gian, th\u1eddi gian, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf theo nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.2 C\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c (activity components)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

2.2.1 N\u00f3i theo v\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec7u (Speech)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

         T\u00f4i xin ph\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch Speech l\u00e0 h\u00e1t n\u00f3i hay n\u00f3i theo v\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec7u. C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 x\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 theo nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u00e2m h\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u. \u1ede d\u1ea1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c n\u00e0y, tr\u1ebb ch\u01a1i, v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi h\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed3ng dao (chant), ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu v\u0103n v\u1ea7n theo m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Th\u1eb1ng Cu\u1ed9i ng\u1ed3i g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y \u0111a (q q. e q q q.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         Th\u1ea3 tr\u00e2u \u0103n l\u00faa\u2026g\u1ecdi cha \u1eddi \u1eddi (e q q q. e q q h.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Cha c\u00f2n c\u1eaft c\u1ecf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i (q q. e q q q.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                              M\u1eb9 th\u00ec c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a \u0111i m\u1eddi quan vi\u00ean (e q q q. e q q h.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u00ean, tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i th\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng, x\u01b0\u1edbng b\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng dao v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecbp nh\u00e0ng theo ph\u00e1ch, hay b\u01b0\u1edbc theo ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1ch, ti\u1ebft nh\u1ecbp, \u00e2m h\u00ecnh, nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau. Qua vui ch\u01a1i v\u00e0 x\u01b0\u1edbng b\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng dao tr\u00ean, tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc hay luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e1ch (beat), ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u (rhythm), n\u1ed1t \u0111en, \u0111en ch\u1ea5m d\u00f4i \u2013 m\u00f3c \u0111\u01a1n. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.2.2 H\u00e1t (Singing)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

            H\u00e1t theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Orff, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang r\u1ebd m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng. B\u00e0i h\u00e1t th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i d\u00e2n ca nh\u1ecf v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 giai \u0111i\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i d\u00e2n gian hay tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i thi\u1ebfu nhi. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e1t nh\u1eb1m n\u00e2ng cao n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ca h\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7u (tonal relationships) cho tr\u1ebb em. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i thi\u1ebfu nhi \u1edf c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea5p (1, 2, v\u00e0 3) b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gam ng\u0169 cung ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn (Pentatonic) sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u00e1t s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c gam 7 \u00e2m \u2013 d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c l\u1edbp l\u1edbn h\u01a1n (4, 5, 6, 7, v.v.). Theo Orff-Schulwerk, tr\u1ebb em \u1edf l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i nh\u1ecf d\u1ec5 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 h\u00e1t c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u00e1t d\u00e2n ca \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u00f3 giai \u0111i\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c motip bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c n\u1ed1t sol-mi-la-sol-mi. Qu\u00e3ng 3 th\u1ee9 \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 qu\u00e3ng d\u1ec5 nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u00e1c em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Orff cho r\u1eb1ng, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c qu\u00e3ng v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m \u00e2m c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em c\u00f2n mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e1t theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Orff-Schulwerk nh\u01b0 b\u00e0i h\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed3ng dao Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u201cT\u1eadp t\u1ea7m v\u00f4ng\u201d:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        L\u1eddi b\u00e0i h\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed3ng dao: T\u1eadp t\u1ea7m v<\/em>\u00f4<\/em>ng, tay kh\u00f4ng tay c\u00f3.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                            T\u1eadp t\u1ea7m v\u00f3, tay c\u00f3 tay kh\u00f4ng.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                            Tay n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng, tay n\u00e0o c\u00f3?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                            Tay n\u00e0o c\u00f3, tay n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong b\u00e0i h\u00e1t n\u00e0y, tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u01a1i tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i \u201c\u0111o\u00e1n\u201d nh\u01b0 sau. Tr\u1ebb ng\u1ed3i trong v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n nh\u00e0, m\u1ed7i tr\u1ebb c\u1ea7m m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu tre nh\u1ecf. Khi h\u00e1t c\u00e1c em \u0111\u01b0a tay ra sau l\u01b0ng, \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1eabu tre t\u1eeb tay n\u00e0y sang tay kia m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean. M\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c hai em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn ng\u1ed3i \u1edf gi\u1eefa v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n, quan s\u00e1t. \u0110\u1ebfn h\u1ebft b\u00e0i h\u00e1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c em trong v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n gi\u01a1 tay ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00f2ng hai b\u00e0n tay n\u1eafm l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u1edf gi\u1eefa s\u1ebd ch\u1ecdn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t em \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n xem thanh tre n\u1eb1m trong tay ph\u1ea3i hay tay tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. N\u1ebfu \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u00fang em \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111o\u00e1n ng\u1ed3i gi\u1eefa v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Qua h\u00e1t v\u00e0 ch\u01a1i b\u00e0i h\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed3ng dao n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c em s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u \u0111en (q), \u0111en ch\u1ea5m d\u00f4i-m\u00f3c \u0111\u01a1n (q. e ), \u0111\u01a1n ch\u1ea5m \u2013m\u00f3c k\u00e9p ( e. x ). Sau khi ch\u01a1i tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i, t\u00f9y m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng n\u00e0o m\u00e0 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c em t\u1eadp v\u1ed7 tay, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 g\u00f5 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 (body peccussion), hay d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 c\u1ea7m tay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00f5 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi cho c\u00e1c em ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac c\u00e1c m\u1eabu ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft theo h\u00ecnh n\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.2.3 Ch\u01a1i nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 (playing instruments)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

            Orff-Schulwerk s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u d\u00e0nh cho tr\u1ebb em. C\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 Orff (Orff instruments), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ed5 l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, Orff cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ed7, g\u00f5 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 g\u00f5 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 tr\u1ebb em n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.2.3.1 B\u1ed9 g\u00f5 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 (Body Percussion)<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

 B\u1ed1n \u00e2m thanh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi ti\u1ebfng v\u1ed7 tay, b\u00fang tay, v\u1ed7 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f9i, v\u00e0 d\u1eadm ch\u00e2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00e2m thanh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 g\u00f5 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00eam v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u00e2m thanh kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m phong ph\u00fa b\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y. Tr\u1ebb h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c n\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau theo d\u1ea1ng canon, theo b\u00e8, theo m\u1eabu \u00e2m xen \u0111\u1ec1u nhau (ostinato), ch\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec7m cho b\u00e0i h\u00e1t, hay k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e8 \u0111\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.2.3.2 Nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 c\u1ea7m tay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00e2m (Unpitched Hand Percussion)<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 nh\u1ecf t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u00e2m thanh r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn tr\u1ebb em, d\u1ec5 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc. Th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau. Tr\u1ebb ch\u01a1i nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 theo nh\u00f3m. M\u1ed7i \u00e2m h\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eafn v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5. Tr\u1ebb t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng \u00e2m thanh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 c\u00f3 \u00e2m s\u1eafc v\u1edbi \u00e2m thanh \u0111\u00f3. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.2.3.3 Nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 Orff (Orff Instruments)<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00e2m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ed5 kh\u00e1c nhau ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em, g\u1ed3m 3 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e0n c\u00f3 thanh ph\u00edm. C\u00e1c thanh ph\u00edm n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y ra v\u00e0 l\u1eafp v\u00e0o r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, bao g\u1ed3m Xylophone, Metallophone, v\u00e0 Glockenspiel. Trong h\u1ecdc ch\u01a1i c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e0n thanh ph\u00edm n\u00e0y, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e1o b\u1ecf \u0111i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u00edm \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ebb kh\u1ecfi nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c \u00e2m c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng thanh (Shamrock, 2007). D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Orff-Schulwerk. Ngo\u00e0i ra, nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ed5i Recorder c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 phong ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a \u00e2m s\u1eafc trong nh\u00f3m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 Orff.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00ecnh: C\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00e2m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c Orff-Schulwerk Google<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong c\u00e1c ti\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, ph\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u01a1i nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00f5 c\u00e1c \u00e2m h\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, l\u1eadp \u0111i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m ch\u01a1i c\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00e2m nh\u01b0 xylophone, metallophone th\u00ec \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu \u00e2m th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 2, hay 3 n\u1ed1t, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, l\u1eadp \u0111i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 nh\u1edb. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a \u00e2m r\u1ea5t d\u00e0y v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.3. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c (Pedagogy)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

            Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m theo Orff-Schulwerk th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh logic trong c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em. B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 (Exploration). Tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi \u00e2m thanh c\u1ee7a nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5, v\u1edbi ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u, hay c\u00e1c m\u1eabu \u00e2m. Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi g\u1ee3i \u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c em t\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u201cEm c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u00e2m thanh do chi\u1ebfc chu\u00f4ng b\u00f2 t\u1ea1o ra?\u201d hay \u201cV\u1edbi hai \u00e2m sol v\u00e0 mi, em h\u00e3y t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t giai \u0111i\u1ec7u \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c.\u201d B\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 hai g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng, b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc (Imitation). \u1ede b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y h\u1ecdc sinh l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu \u00e2m ng\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01a1i tr\u00ean nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5, hay x\u01b0\u1edbng \u00e2m b\u1edfi th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o. M\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu \u00e2m c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, hay m\u1ed9t \u00e2m h\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01a1i nh\u1ea1c ng\u1eabu h\u1ee9ng (Improvisation) \u2013 Tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u01a1i ng\u1eabu h\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 hay hay m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu \u00e2m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u01a1n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u00e1c em \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc qua giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng. B\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng – b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o (Creation), tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u01a1i nh\u1ea1c kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c m\u1edbi h\u1ecdc. H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ABA, rondo, hay bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea5u nh\u1ecf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.4. Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c (Literacy and Materials)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

            V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, Call Orff cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1ea1c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft nh\u1ea1c s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfn xa h\u01a1n tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c (Shamrock, 2007). T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 Kod\u00e1ly, Orff-Schulwerk khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng do chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng <\/em>(moveable do) \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc x\u01b0\u1edbng \u00e2m cho tr\u1ebb k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng ch\u1eef ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u (rhythmic syllables). Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u1eabn l\u00e0 gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f2a tr\u1ed9n v\u00e0o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i, v\u00e0 vui t\u01b0\u01a1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m, Orff-Schulwerk \u01b0u ti\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ngu\u1ed3n \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ed3ng dao, ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u, v\u00e0 \u00e2m h\u00ecnh, v.v. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Call Orff \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n 6 t\u1eadp, \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c cho tr\u1ebb em (Music for Children, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c Pentatonic. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Orff lu\u00f4n khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean khai th\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 s\u1edf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Trong th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec3n b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam sau ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng 2001, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Orff-Schulwerk. Vi\u1ec7c g\u00f5 thanh ph\u00e1ch, song loan, v\u1ed7 tay theo ph\u00e1ch, theo nh\u1ecbp,v\u00e0 giai \u0111i\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ban \u0111\u1ea7u. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c cho tr\u1ebb em c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn c\u00f2n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Orff-Schulwerk s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng to l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c cho tr\u1ebb th\u00f4ng qua t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng. V\u00ec v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y v\u00e0o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng giao ti\u1ebfp \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u1edf h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho con em ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. PH\u01af\u01a0NG PH\u00c1P D\u1ea0Y H\u1eccC \u00c2M NH\u1ea0C D\u1ef0A TR\u00caN V\u1eacN \u0110\u1ed8NG C\u1ee6A DALCROZE<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

            Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c Dalcroze \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 b\u1edfi Emily Jaques Dalcroze, m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 k\u00fd x\u01b0\u1edbng \u00e2m c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7n Geneva. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c cho sinh vi\u00ean h\u1ecdc sinh \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 sau, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u00c2m Nh\u1ea1c Nh\u1ecbp \u0110i\u1ec7u Dalcroze (Dalcroze Eurhythmics) \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong m\u1ecdi  gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c; \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u (Music Therapy)  (Frego, 2006).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.1 Tri\u1ebft l\u00fd (Philosophy)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

             Tri\u1ebft l\u00fd s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a Dalcroze l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p tinh th\u1ea7n, c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac l\u00e0 c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u00e2m thanh, suy t\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. V\u00ec v\u1eady Jacques Dalcroze t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y-h\u1ecdc \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan v\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0  h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n kinh (Farber & Thomsen, 2011). D\u01b0\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, \u201c \u00c2m thanh \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u\u201d c\u1ee7a Pestalozzi, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Dalcroze \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c cho tr\u1ebb em th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian, kh\u00f4ng gian, v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u (rhythmic stimulus)  (Campbell, 1991).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.2 C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n (Basic musical components)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

             Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u00c2m Nh\u1ea1c Nh\u1ecbp \u0110i\u1ec7u Dalcroze (d\u1ecbch theo \u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft), bao g\u1ed3m ba ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c ch\u00ednh. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 K\u00fd x\u01b0\u1edbng \u00e2m. Dalcroze cho r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nghe nh\u1ea1c ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng trong m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghe v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c. X\u01b0\u1edbng \u00e2m (Solf\u00e8ge) s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng do c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh <\/em>(fixed-do nh\u01b0 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam). Tuy nhi\u00ean, k\u00fd x\u01b0\u1edbng \u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y theo c\u00e1ch k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u v\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1ec1 cao \u0111\u1ed9, v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c kh\u00e1c. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u1ee8ng Bi\u1ebfn \u2013 Ng\u1eabu h\u1ee9ng (Improvisation). K\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ng\u1eabu h\u1ee9ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch logic tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0n nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c nhau trong khi h\u1ecdc sinh nghe v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c ng\u1eabu h\u1ee9ng d\u1ef1a theo t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00e1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Dalcroze, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 quan tr\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi hai th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 ban \u0111\u1ea7u. C\u00e1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, vu\u00f4ng v\u1eafn v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u. Theo Dalcroze c\u1ea3 ba th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebb v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u1ea1y-h\u1ecdc \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c cho tr\u1ebb (Campbell, 1991).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.3 B\u00e0i h\u1ecdc \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c (Music Lessons)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

            B\u00e0i h\u1ecdc \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Dalcroze \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hay tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c t\u01b0 duy c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em. Tr\u1ebb h\u1ecdc \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c d\u1ef1 ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, tr\u1ebb s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c b\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c. C\u00e1c tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u v\u00e0 nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 (tempo), s\u1eafc th\u00e1i (dynamic) v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00e2u \u0111o\u1ea1n (phrase). Th\u00f4ng qua tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i, tr\u1ebb h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd sao cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c em nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. S\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o trong v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u00f2n gi\u00fap c\u00e1c em ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng giao ti\u1ebfp phi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u1edbi nhau \u2013 ho\u1eb7c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, Kod\u00e1ly, Orff-Schulwerk, v\u00e0 Dalcroze l\u00e0 ba trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c cho tr\u1ebb em \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u00ean v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c. Ba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc trong c\u00e1c gi\u1edd h\u1ecdc \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3, nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Suzuki, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Montessori, v\u00e0 L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c Gordon. S\u1ef1 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u1edf qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y. N\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Hoa K\u1ef3 bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng cho s\u1ef1 thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn cho ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. Thi\u1ebft ngh\u0129 trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n non tr\u1ebb c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Kod\u00e1ly, Orff-Schulwerk, v\u00e0 Dalcroze s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 th\u00e1o g\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y-h\u1ecdc \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c cho gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u00e0 mang \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng sinh kh\u00ed m\u1edbi cho n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0.     <\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00c0I LI\u1ec6U THAM KH\u1ea2O<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Abeles, H. &. (1995). N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c .<\/em> Boston, USA: NXB Schirmer, Cengage Learning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Campbell, P. S. (1991). Rhythmic movement and public school education: progressive views in the formative years. Journal of Research in American Music Education<\/em> , 19<\/em>, 12-22.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Farber, A., & Thomsen, K. (2011). The History of Dalcroze.<\/em> Retrieved October 15, 2012, from Dalcroze Society of America: http:\/\/www.dalcrozeusa.org\/about-us\/history<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frego, D. (2006). The Approach of Emily Jaques-Dalcroze.<\/em> Retrieved October 15, 2012, from The Alliance for Active Music Making: http:\/\/www.allianceamm.org\/resources_elem_Dalcroze.html<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Shamrock, M. (2007). The Orff-Schulwerk Approach.<\/em> Retrieved October 11, 2012, from American Orff-Schulwerk Association: http:\/\/www.aosa.org\/orff.html<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Ngu\u1ed3n h\u00ecnh t\u1eeb: Google<\/a>)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

KH\u00c1I QU\u00c1T C\u00c1C PH\u01af\u01a0NG PH\u00c1P D\u1ea0Y H\u1eccC \u00c2M NH\u1ea0C CHO TR\u1eba EM CH\u00cdNH HI\u1ec6N H\u00c0NH T\u1ea0I HOA K\u1ef2 Ths. H\u1ed3 Ng\u1ecdc Kh\u1ea3i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Cao \u0111\u1eb3ng […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2260,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[39,31],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2205","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bai-viet","category-phuong-phap-day-hoc-am-nhac"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/trochoiamnhac.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2205","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/trochoiamnhac.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/trochoiamnhac.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trochoiamnhac.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trochoiamnhac.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2205"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/trochoiamnhac.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2205\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2921,"href":"https:\/\/trochoiamnhac.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2205\/revisions\/2921"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trochoiamnhac.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2260"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/trochoiamnhac.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2205"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trochoiamnhac.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2205"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trochoiamnhac.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2205"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}