{"id":2198,"date":"2023-09-03T11:16:34","date_gmt":"2023-09-03T04:16:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/trochoiamnhac.com\/?p=2198"},"modified":"2023-09-06T23:41:10","modified_gmt":"2023-09-06T16:41:10","slug":"phuong-phap-dalcroze","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/trochoiamnhac.com\/index.php\/2023\/09\/03\/phuong-phap-dalcroze\/","title":{"rendered":"DALCROZE – V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u00c1P D\u1ee4NG PH\u01af\u01a0NG PH\u00c1P DALCROZE TRONG<\/strong> T\u1ed4 CH\u1ee8C V\u1eacN \u0110\u1ed8NG \u00c2M NH\u1ea0C CHO TR\u1eba EM<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ea1c s\u0129 H\u1ed3 Ng\u1ecdc Kh\u1ea3i<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Cao \u0111\u1eb3ng S\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m Gia Lai<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c (Musical movements) \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4n \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh b\u1eadc TH v\u00e0 THCS n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c qua c\u00e1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng theo nh\u1ea1c d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u1ee5 h\u1ecda cho l\u1eddi ca khi h\u1ecdc sinh h\u1ecdc h\u00e1t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, do ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5 h\u1ecda b\u00e0i h\u00e1t, nh\u1eefng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u1eadp \u0111i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i, ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n; l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecdc sinh d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1n, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean l\u00fang t\u00fang khi gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp cho tr\u1ebb. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u00fd c\u1ee7a ca t\u1eeb. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i h\u00e1t c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung g\u1ea7n nhau, th\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng l\u00e0m cho gi\u1edd h\u1ecdc \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u00edt t\u00ednh kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c qua v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng (Eurhythmics) c\u1ee7a Emily Jaques-Dacroze – nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 – \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Dalcroze l\u00e0 d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c th\u00f4ng qua v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng hay ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 b\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ea1y, nh\u1ea3y, tr\u01b0\u1eddn, u\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi .v.v., \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1eadp trung cho tr\u1ebb em trong l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c (Lineburgh, 1994). \u1ee8ng t\u00e1c (Improvisation) v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o (Creation) \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c cho tr\u1ebb em qua v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1 cao trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Dalcroze. Tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Dalcroze th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e2ng cao n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c cho tr\u1ebb. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111ang th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft xin tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chi ti\u1ebft c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Dalcroze \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c tham kh\u1ea3o v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

          C\u00e1c tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u00e0 b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Dalcroze \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, t\u1eeb kh\u00e1m kh\u00e1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. Trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n non tr\u1ebb c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t nam, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c chung c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc-tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. C\u00e1c tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i n\u00e0y gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb kh\u00e1m kh\u00e1 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa th\u1eddi gian, kh\u00f4ng gian, v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c. Trong ph\u1ea1m vi b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb kh\u00e1m kh\u00e1 c\u00e1c ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n d\u1ea1ng tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m Dalcroze. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0: Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nhanh v\u1edbi \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c (Quick Reaction), l\u00e0m theo-m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng (Follow), v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng theo b\u00e8 \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ee9t qu\u00e3ng (Interrupted Cannon), v\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng theo b\u00e8 \u0111u\u1ed5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c (Continuous Cannon).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 (Basic Nonlocomotor Movements)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

         \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 trong khi ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0y sang ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c. D\u1ea1ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng gian, c\u00e1c s\u1eafc th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau trong \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c. Nh\u1eefng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 xo\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u01a1i t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed5, u\u1ed1n cong ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c sau, xoay ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1ed7 tay, nh\u1ecbp ch\u00e2n, ch\u1edbp m\u1eaft, v\u01b0\u01a1n vai, n\u00e9m b\u00f3ng v.v. \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7. Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i t\u1eadp hay tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– L\u1eafc l\u01b0, \u0111u \u0111\u01b0a (Sway)<\/strong>: T\u1eadp cho c\u00e1c em h\u00ecnh dung v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 \u0111u \u0111\u01b0a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 hai tay nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n gi\u00f3 nh\u1eb9, m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n b\u00e3o l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0 s\u00f3ng bi\u1ec3n d\u1eadp d\u00ecu, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n s\u00f3ng l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ecdng l\u00faa, m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc l\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Quay nhanh (Twirl): <\/strong> V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng tay nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc chong ch\u00f3ng \u0111ang quay, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i v\u1ee5, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc b\u00f4ng tuy\u1ebft – m\u1ed9t c\u00e0nh hoa r\u01a1i t\u1eeb tr\u00ean cao xu\u1ed1ng, v.v<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– U\u1ed1n cong ng\u01b0\u1eddi (Bend)<\/strong>: U\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc, u\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra sau, khom ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ed1n s\u00e0n nh\u00e0, u\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ki\u1ec3u robot, v.v.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Du\u1ed7i th\u1eb3ng (Stretch): <\/strong>Du\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 hai tay ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc, sang hai b\u00ean, ra \u0111\u1eb1ng sau, nh\u01b0 bay l\u00ean tr\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 x\u00f2a xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ecdng d\u00e2y thun, v.v.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– L\u1eafc ng\u01b0\u1eddi (rock): <\/strong>\u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 vung tay nh\u01b0 \u0111ang b\u01a1i, ng\u1ed3i v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng tay nh\u01b0 ch\u00e8o \u0111\u00f2, ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u00fa ng\u1ef1a g\u1ed7, l\u1eafc nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 chu\u00f4ng rung, v.v.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

– \u0110i, b\u01b0\u1edbc (walk)<\/strong>: V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c \u0111i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u n\u1ed1t \u0111en trong \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 n\u1ed1t \u0111en nh\u01b0ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ebd kh\u00e1c nhau n\u1ebfu tr\u1ebb v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh dung nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau. Trong khi tr\u1ebb b\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ch\u01a1i ng\u1eabu h\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0n v\u1edbi ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u n\u1ed1t \u0111en \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf hai tay, ch\u00fa \u00fd s\u1eafc th\u00e1i m\u1ea1nh nh\u1eb9 v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, ho\u1eb7c g\u00f5 tr\u1ed1ng, hay c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00e2m. Theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Dalcroze, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng gam Do Pentatonic (Do Re Mi Sol La), d\u1ec5 nghe v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em t\u1eeb 5 \u0111\u1ebfn 13tu\u1ed5i. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

– D\u1ea1ng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp – tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         + Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u1ebb t\u1eadp b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u theo c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u c\u00e1c nhau: b\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e0i, b\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1eafn, b\u01b0\u1edbc cao, v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea5p, b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eb7ng, b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eb9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         + Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u1ebb:  t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc – v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebb, c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi, \u0111ang v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt g\u00ec tr\u00ean cao, \u0111i lui, \u0111i ngang, \u0111i kho\u1eb1m ch\u00e2n, v.v.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Ch\u1ea1y (running): <\/strong>V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ec1u hai ch\u00e2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u m\u00f3c \u0111\u01a1n trong \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean khi ch\u1ea1y n\u1ebfu h\u00ecnh dung c\u00e1ch v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u1ebb s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau. Ph\u1ea7n \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau \u1edf v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean nh\u01b0ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i sang ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u m\u00f3c \u0111\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         + Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u1ebb: ch\u1ea1y r\u1ea5t nhanh v\u1edbi b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf, ch\u1ea1y v\u1edbi b\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e0i, b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00fan nh\u1ea3y, ch\u1ea1y gi\u1eef c\u1ee9ng hai \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed1i, ch\u1ea1y khu\u1ef3nh hai ch\u00e2n sang hai b\u00ean, ch\u1ea1y nh\u1eb9 nh\u01b0 gi\u00f3, ch\u1ea1y ch\u00e9o ch\u00e2n, ch\u1ea1y theo l\u1ed1i zigzag, v.v.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Nh\u1ea3y ch\u00e2n s\u00e1o (Skip): <\/strong>V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea3y ch\u00e2n s\u00e1o \u0103ng-x\u0103m (ensemble) v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u m\u00f3c gi\u1eadt (\u0111\u01a1n ch\u1ea5m m\u00f3c k\u00e9p) trong \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c. Sau khi tr\u1ebb tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian hai d\u1ea1ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y, v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh gi\u1eefa hai d\u1ea1ng ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u nhau (nh\u00f3m hai m\u00f3c \u0111\u01a1n; nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01a1n ch\u1ea5m m\u00f3c k\u00e9p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– D\u1ea1ng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp – tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         + H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea3y ch\u00e2n s\u00e1o. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc sinh nh\u1ea3y theo ki\u1ec3u b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 nhanh; ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ch\u1eadm v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         + Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea3y l\u00f2 c\u00f2 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n, thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e2n khi c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u00e2m cao, \u00e2m tr\u1ea7m b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0n ph\u00edm, hay m\u1ed9t nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 c\u00f3 \u00e2m s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u00e2m s\u1eafc \u0111ang \u0111\u1ec7m cho h\u1ecdc sinh v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Nh\u1ea3y ng\u1ef1a (Gallop): <\/strong>V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea3y ng\u1ef1a gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u \u0111\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc hai m\u00f3c k\u00e9p sau. V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, hai ch\u00e2n nh\u1ea3y li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp, tr\u1ee5 \u1edf ch\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00eda sau, \u0111\u1ea9y ch\u00e2n tr\u00e1i ra ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. (C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng b\u00e0i Tr\u00ean ng\u1ef1a ta phi nhanh, Ng\u1ef1a phi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xa – Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u00ecnh Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u1ea1c n\u1ec1n khi c\u00e1c em \u0111\u00e3 di chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o). \u1ede giai \u0111o\u1ea1n luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng tr\u1ed1ng g\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh tempo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– D\u1ea1ng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp – tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         + Cho h\u1ecdc sinh v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 phi ng\u1ef1a khi t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u00fa ng\u1ef1a r\u1ea5t to (b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1eadm, m\u1ea1nh ); ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u00fa ng\u1ef1a nh\u1ecf (b\u01b0\u1edbc nhanh, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1ecf); ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u00fa ng\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00fd b\u00e0 (ch\u1eadm, b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea3y th\u1eadt t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng); ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u00fa ng\u1ef1a chi\u1ebfn ra chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng (nhanh, \u1ea7m \u0129); hay ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t con ng\u1ef1a qu\u00e8 (b\u01b0\u1edbc to nh\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u, kh\u1eadp khi\u1ec5ng), v.v.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng Dalcroze \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n d\u00f9ng cho h\u1ecdc sinh b\u1eadc ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

         C\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u00e0 tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Dalcroze \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eebng l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i, b\u1eadc h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, tr\u1edf l\u00ean cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb b\u1eadc ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, c\u00e1c tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng qua v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u00e2m thanh v\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c. Th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m quen v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng (nonlocomotor) v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng (locomotor) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed v\u00e0o l\u1edbp 1 v\u00e0 l\u1edbp 2. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1c l\u1edbp 3, 4, v\u00e0 5 c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng cao h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f3 v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Dalcroze, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ngay cho h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u00e0i b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ngay cho h\u1ecdc sinh tr\u00ean l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb t\u1eeb 6 \u0111\u1ebfn 11 tu\u1ed5i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nhanh (<\/em>quick reaction), M\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m theo <\/em>(Follow), B\u00e8 \u0111u\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c <\/em>(interrupted Canon), v\u00e0 B\u00e8 \u0111u\u1ed5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c <\/em>(Continuous Canon).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.1. Tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nhanh (quick reaction games)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

         Tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p (mutiple response quick reaction): Nh\u1eefng tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i n\u00e0y t\u1eadp trung gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nhanh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u00e2m thanh hay \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         – Tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ch\u01a1i \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c cho c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ea1y, b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea3i, nh\u1ea3y ch\u00e2n s\u00e1o, nh\u1ea3y ng\u1ef1a (nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf m\u1ee5c 1.2.2). H\u1ecdc sinh nghe thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng ngay khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c. Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u00e2m thanh quy \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u1edbng, d\u1eebng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, ho\u1eb7c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c di chuy\u1ec3n; v\u00ed d\u1ee5: m\u1ed9t ch\u00f9m b\u1ed1n m\u00f3c k\u00e9p mi-re-do-re \u1edf qu\u00e3ng t\u00e1m th\u1ee9 2 cho \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u1edbng ho\u1eb7c xoay ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t \u00e2m tr\u1ea7m b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng cho t\u1ea1m d\u1eebng, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00e2m cao hay m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng g\u00f5 tr\u00ean th\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c di chuy\u1ec3n.          <\/p>\n\n\n\n

         – Tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i th\u1ee9 hai:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean chia h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u1ee9ng theo h\u00e0ng, m\u1ed7i h\u00e0ng 4-6 em. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng d\u1eabn h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111i chung quanh l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc, m\u1ed7i h\u00e0ng l\u00e0m theo m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c tay d\u1ef1a theo \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c do gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0n. Khi nh\u1ea1c d\u1eebng,c\u00e1c em d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i, em cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng li\u1ec1n chuy\u1ec3n l\u00ean v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng. Khi nh\u1ea1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, em \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng m\u1edbi s\u1ebd l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng theo v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c di chuy\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         – Tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i th\u1ee9 ba: H\u1ecdc sinh di chuy\u1ec3n trong ph\u00f2ng h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01a1i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu nh\u1ea1c ch\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec1u theo nh\u1ecbp b\u01b0\u1edbc (ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u n\u1ed1t \u0111en li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, th\u00ec c\u00e1c em ch\u1ea1y ho\u1eb7c nh\u1ea3y ng\u1ef1a). Khi \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ed5i, c\u00e1c em c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch di chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         – Tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i th\u1ee9 t\u01b0: H\u1ecdc sinh l\u1eafng nghe \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01a1i b\u1edfi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean. H\u1ecdc sinh ch\u1ec9 di chuy\u1ec3n khi \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c d\u1eebng, theo ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c em \u0111\u00e3 nghe. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i khi \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c ch\u01a1i th\u00ec c\u00e1c em s\u1ebd d\u1eebng v\u00e0 l\u1eafng nghe, nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c em s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n khi nh\u1ea1c d\u1eebng \u1edf l\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp theo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.2. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nhanh theo t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u (Signals quick reaction)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

         D\u1ea1ng tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         – Tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ch\u01a1i nh\u1ea1c theo nh\u1ecbp b\u01b0\u1edbc (ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u n\u1ed1t \u0111en \u0111\u1ec1u nhau), th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng ch\u00eam v\u00e0o ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u theo nh\u1ecbp nh\u1ea3y ch\u00e2n s\u00e1o (ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u m\u00f3c gi\u1eadt). H\u1ecdc sinh b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u theo nh\u1ea1c, ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c chuy\u1ec3n sang \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c nh\u1ea3y ch\u00e2n s\u00e1o khi nghe chuy\u1ec3n nh\u1ea1c. (\u00c2m nh\u1ea1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01a1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0n piano, \u0111\u00e0n ph\u00edm \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, tr\u1ed1ng, hay thanh ph\u00e1ch g\u1ed7…)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         – Tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i th\u1ee9 hai: Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ch\u01a1i \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c theo nh\u1ecbp b\u01b0\u1edbc. Khi nghe m\u1ed9t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u l\u1ea1 t\u1eeb gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean (vd: m\u1ed9t ch\u00f9m ba, m\u1ed9t ch\u00f9m b\u1ed1n m\u00f3c k\u00e9p), h\u1ecdc sinh d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u1edbng. \u1ede m\u1ed9t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c, do gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean quy \u0111\u1ecbnh (vd: m\u1ed9t \u00e2m tr\u1ea7m hay m\u1ed9t \u00e2m cao b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng, hay m\u1ed9t \u00e2m s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng kh\u00e1c), h\u1ecdc sinh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c di chuy\u1ec3n. N\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 g\u00f5 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00e2m, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 c\u00f3 \u00e2m s\u1eafc th\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc sinh d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 m\u00f5, tr\u1ed1ng, ph\u00e8n la, hay chu\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.3. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nhanh th\u1ebf ch\u1ed7 (replacement quick reaction)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

         Trong tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i n\u00e0y, h\u1ecdc sinh thay \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c khi c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         – Tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec1u theo nh\u1ecbp b\u01b0\u1edbc, \u1edf lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ecbp 4\/4. Khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean h\u00f4 m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1. Con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ph\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u l\u1eb7ng \u0111en. \u1ede d\u1ea5u l\u1eb7ng n\u00e0y h\u1ecdc sinh d\u1eebng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 hai tay l\u00ean vai. R\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1u theo nh\u1ea1c. Khi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean h\u00f4 m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c trong b\u1ed1n con s\u1ed1 1, 2, 3, 4, h\u1ecdc sinh s\u1ebd ngh\u1ec9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tay tr\u00ean v\u00e0o v\u00e0o ph\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 trong khi b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u theo nh\u1ecbp 4. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

         – Tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i th\u1ee9 hai: H\u1ecdc sinh b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u theo nh\u1ecbp \u0111i (ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u n\u1ed1t \u0111en, lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ecbp 4\/4). Khi th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 th\u00ec \u1edf ph\u00e1ch mang s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecdc sinh t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng chia \u0111\u00f4i b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i th\u00e0nh b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea1y (hai m\u00f3c \u0111\u01a1n). V\u00ed d\u1ee5, khi th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o g\u1ecdi s\u1ed1 1, th\u00ec ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u01a1n, \u0111en, \u0111en, \u0111en; n\u1ebfu g\u1ecdi s\u1ed1 hai, th\u00ec h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 s\u1ebd di chuy\u1ec3n  theo ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u, \u0111en, \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u01a1n, \u0111en, \u0111en.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         – Tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i th\u1ee9 ba: Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e0n \u1edf nh\u1ecbp b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u. Khi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean h\u00f4 s\u1ed1 2, h\u1ecdc sinh chia ph\u00e1ch 2 th\u00e0nh hai ph\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng nhau v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc theo (hai n\u1ed1t m\u00f3c \u0111\u01a1n). Khi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean h\u00f4 s\u1ed1 3, h\u1ecdc sinh l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c chia ph\u00e1ch 3 th\u00e0nh 3 ph\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng nhau (ch\u00f9m ba) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i b\u01b0\u1edbc. Khi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean h\u00f4 s\u1ed1 4 th\u00ec c\u00e1c em l\u1ea1i chia ph\u00e1ch s\u1ed1 4 th\u00e0nh 4 ph\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng nhau (b\u1ed1n m\u00f3c k\u00e9p) v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng theo. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i kh\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c em hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u1eadp v\u1ed7 tay tr\u01b0\u1edbc theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi cho c\u00e1c em v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         Ngo\u00e0i ra, d\u1ea1ng tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nhanh (quick reaction) c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ri\u00eang r\u1ebd ho\u1eb7c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u v\u00e0 giai \u0111i\u1ec7u, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ed9 (tempo), c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 (dynamics), nh\u1ea5n \u00e2m (articulation), v.v.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         Ch\u00fa \u00fd: D\u1ea1ng tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng nghe, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f3 cao h\u01a1n. N\u00ean b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i n\u00e0y cho h\u1ecdc sinh l\u1edbp b\u1ed1n tr\u1edf l\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m theo (Follow)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

         D\u1ea1ng tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         – Tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0n ho\u1eb7c h\u00e1t m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng dao n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ed9 nhanh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n. H\u1ecdc sinh di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng theo s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         – Tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i th\u1ee9 hai:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0n, g\u00f5 tr\u1ed1ng, hay h\u00e1t m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u00e1t, m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng dao c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 d\u1ea7n hay b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9, s\u1eafc th\u00e1i. H\u1ecdc sinh di chuy\u1ec3n l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c theo s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

         C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng nh\u1ea1c: Surprise Symphony – Giao h\u01b0\u1edfng Ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Haydn, hay Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u00f9a Xu\u00e2n – Giao h\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed1n M\u00f9a c\u1ee7a Vivaldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         – Tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i th\u1ee9 ba:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t hay c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n. H\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia theo nh\u00f3m 5-10 em, t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t b\u1ee9c tranh ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap g\u1ee3i \u00fd c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u00e0 c\u00e1c em h\u00ecnh dung ra t\u1eeb b\u1ee9c tranh. Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ch\u01a1i m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c ng\u1eabu h\u1ee9ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh. (Th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh n\u00ean ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh s\u00f3ng bi\u1ec3n v\u1ed7 v\u00e0i b\u1edd v\u00e0 l\u00f9i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Khi h\u1ecdc sinh l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c s\u00f3ng v\u1ed7 v\u00e0o b\u1edd, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, to h\u01a1n. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, khi s\u00f3ng l\u00f9i xa b\u1edd \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng, nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         -Tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i th\u1ee9 t\u01b0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         T\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t \u00e2m h\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u d\u00e0i b\u1ed1n ph\u00e1ch, ch\u01a1i l\u1eadp \u0111i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9, \u00e2m s\u1eafc, t\u1ea7m c\u1eed. Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean n\u00ean \u1ee9ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 ch\u01a1i tr\u00ean piano \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau. N\u1ebfu ch\u01a1i b\u1eb1ng tr\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9. H\u1ecdc sinh b\u01b0\u1edbc theo \u00e2m h\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 tay, ch\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ea7u… d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c m\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian, kh\u00f4ng gian, v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         Th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i “follow” n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y cho h\u1ecdc sinh nh\u1ecf tu\u1ed5i c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 tempo (nh\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ed9), \u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (dynamics), tr\u1ecdng \u00e2m (accent), s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u00e2u nh\u1ea1c (phrasing), v.v.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ea1ng b\u00e8 \u0111u\u1ed5i ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng (Interrupted Canon)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

         H\u1ecdc sinh v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, di chuy\u1ec3n theo nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u sau khi nghe bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1edfi th\u1ea7y c\u00f4 gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         C\u00e1c m\u1eabu ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01a1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i b\u1ed1n ph\u00e1ch. Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0n piano, \u0111\u00e0n ph\u00edm \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, ho\u1eb7c d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 g\u00f5 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00e2m nh\u01b0 thanh ph\u00e1ch, tr\u1ed1ng con, m\u00f5, timberland, v.v.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         D\u1ea1ng tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i b\u00e8 \u0111u\u1ed5i ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c canon trong \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y c\u00e1c m\u1eabu ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ec3 nghe ghi nh\u1ea1c, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1eadp trung, v\u00e0 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ea1ng b\u00e8 \u0111u\u1ed5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c (Continuous Canon)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

         D\u1ea1ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd cao \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh. Th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i theo b\u00e8 \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y cho h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00e1c m\u1eabu ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u, nh\u00f3m ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u, \u0111\u1ec3 nghe ghi, nghe c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c em r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung, v\u00e0 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n tr\u00ed nh\u1edb \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         H\u1ecdc sinh b\u01b0\u1edbc theo c\u00e1c m\u1eabu ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u, ho\u1eb7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 theo d\u1ea1ng canon li\u00ean t\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0n hay \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 g\u00f5 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebft nh\u1ea1c ng\u1eafn c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i b\u1ed1n ph\u00e1ch li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. H\u1ecdc sinh ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c b\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c ngay sau khi ti\u1ebft nh\u1ea1c th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t k\u1ebft th\u00fac trong khi ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa \u00fd nghe ti\u1ebft nh\u1ea1c ti\u1ebfp theo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

         B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u1edf c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, Cao \u0111\u1eb3ng, v\u00e0 Trung c\u1ea5p S\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c. X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c – \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh, th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1t trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp hu\u1ea5n b\u1ed5 sung v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi. Ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111ang \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m. C\u1ea7n c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean d\u1ea1y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111ang th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y, \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00e0y, m\u00f4n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 “b\u1ed5n c\u0169 so\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i”. K\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o Th\u1ea1c s\u0129 S\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 Kod\u00e1ly, Dalcroze, Orff-Schuwerk, Suzuki, Gordon, v\u00e0 Montessori v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn cho sinh vi\u00ean. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n ch\u00fang ta c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 hay kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 t\u1ed1t, th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i n\u0103m ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt  nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc qua con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c workshop chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf th\u1ee9 hai ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u1edf c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng. Nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 trung h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ph\u00f2ng h\u1ecdc \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1eabn theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00f2ng h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, kh\u00f4ng gian h\u1eb9p trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u00eam v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u00e0n ph\u00edm \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ph\u00f2ng h\u1ecdc \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang thi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng gian v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ebb ch\u01a1i v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y nh\u1ea3y. \u0110\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i b\u00e0n gh\u1ebf, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u00e0n gh\u1ebf x\u1ebfp thay v\u00ec b\u00e0n gh\u1ebf c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c, nh\u00e0 \u0111a ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, hay kh\u00f4ng gian m\u1edf l\u00e0 s\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cho h\u1ecdc sinh ch\u01a1i v\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng. Vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi c\u0169ng n\u00ean c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean c\u1edfi tr\u00f3i cho gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung cho c\u00e1c ti\u1ebft d\u1ea1y sao cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Mi\u1ec5n sao l\u00e0 h\u1ecd b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc theo ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh khung cho t\u1eebng th\u00e1ng, t\u1eebng h\u1ecdc k\u1ef3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n nay. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n th\u00e1o g\u1ee1 t\u1eebng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n m\u1ed9t v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng gian h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng cho tr\u1ebb \u1edf t\u1eebng ng\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, sau g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 t\u1eeb khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Dalcroze \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c cho tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia. C\u00e1c tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u00e0 b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng cho tr\u1ebb em. B\u1edfi s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c trong l\u1edbp, trong nh\u00f3m h\u1ecdc, h\u1ecdc sinh kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, nh\u01b0 nghe, hi\u1ec3u, m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u v\u00e0 giai \u0111i\u1ec7u, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c kh\u00e1c nhau. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00e1c em c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, \u1ee9ng t\u00e1c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c – m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed t\u00edch c\u1ef1c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, qua c\u00e1c tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i, c\u00e1c em h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, bi\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u00fd t\u00ednh v\u00e0   t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c. Th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng Dalcroze s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n sinh kh\u00ed m\u1edbi cho l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u1edf c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 b\u1eadc ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i ri\u00eang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

         Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc sau n\u0103m 2015 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh. T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1 cao ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c cho h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ea7n kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp sao cho c\u00e1c em c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n tham gia, sinh ho\u1ea1t, h\u00f2a tr\u1ed9n v\u00e0o \u00e2m thanh, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c qua ch\u01a1i \u0111\u00f9a, ca h\u00e1t, v\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. Mu\u1ed1n v\u1eady, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp mang t\u00ednh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c d\u1ea1y – h\u1ecdc \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u00e0 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 kim ch\u1ec9 nam \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m, c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ea7n quan t\u00e2m. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3ng dao, tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i d\u00e2n gian thi\u1ebfu nhi, v\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Dalcroze \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1ebb em Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u1ecdc \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c nh\u01b0 “\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc” ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i “b\u1ecb h\u1ecdc.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00c0I LI\u1ec6U THAM KH\u1ea2O<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Andress, B. (1999). Music Experiences in Early Childhood.<\/em> Hinsdale -IL: CBS Inc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of Mind: The theory of multiple intelligences.<\/em> New York: Basic Books.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Shamrock, M. (2010). The Orff Schulwerk approach.<\/em> Retrieved from The Allian for Active Music Making: http:\/\/www.allianceamm.org\/resources_elem_Orff.html<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lineburgh, N. (1994). Dalcroze techniques in the Kodaly classroom. The University of Akron<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Kh\u00ea (2004, th\u00e1ng 5). Th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc: H\u1ecdc m\u00e0 ch\u01a1i, ch\u01a1i m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc.<\/em> Tr\u00edch t\u1eeb Vietbao.com: http:\/\/vietbao.vn\/Giao-duc\/The-nghiem-giao-duc-am-nhac-dan-toc-trong-truong-tieu-hoc-Hoc-ma-choi-choi-ma-hoc\/45124842\/202\/<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00c1P D\u1ee4NG PH\u01af\u01a0NG PH\u00c1P DALCROZE TRONG T\u1ed4 CH\u1ee8C V\u1eacN \u0110\u1ed8NG \u00c2M NH\u1ea0C CHO TR\u1eba EM Th\u1ea1c s\u0129 H\u1ed3 Ng\u1ecdc Kh\u1ea3i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Cao \u0111\u1eb3ng S\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2255,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[39,31],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2198","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bai-viet","category-phuong-phap-day-hoc-am-nhac"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/trochoiamnhac.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2198","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/trochoiamnhac.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/trochoiamnhac.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trochoiamnhac.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trochoiamnhac.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2198"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/trochoiamnhac.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2198\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2920,"href":"https:\/\/trochoiamnhac.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2198\/revisions\/2920"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trochoiamnhac.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2255"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/trochoiamnhac.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2198"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trochoiamnhac.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2198"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trochoiamnhac.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2198"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}